Egalitarianism is a trend of thought in political philosophy. An egalitarian favors equality of some sort: People should get the same, or be treated the same, or be. 2017 is a historic year in the history of Palestine, the 100th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, 70th of the UN Partition resolution and 30th of the First Intifada. Both the geographic area designated by the name and the political status of it have changed over the course of some three millennia. The region (or at least a part of it) is also known as the Holy Land .. Relativity priority dispute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Albert Einstein presented the theories of Special Relativity and General Relativity in groundbreaking publications that either contained no formal references to previous literature, or referred only to a small number of his predecessors for fundamental results on which he based his theories, most notably to the work of Hendrik Lorentz for special relativity, and to the work of Gauss, Riemann, and Mach for general relativity. Subsequently claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein. At issue is the extent to which Einstein and various other individuals should be credited for the formulation of these theories, based on priority considerations.
The general history of the development of these theories, including the contributions made by many other scientists, is found at History of special relativity and History of general relativity. The candidates for credit. Consideration is also given to numerous other scientists for either anticipations of some aspects of the theory, or else for contributions to the development or elaboration of the theory. These include Woldemar Voigt, August F. In addition, polemics exist about alleged contributions of others such as Olinto De Pretto, and Einstein's first wife Mileva Mari. Many others (such as Gauss, Riemann, William Kingdon Clifford, Ricci, and Levi- Civita) contributed to the development of the mathematical tools and geometrical ideas underlying the theory. Also polemics exist about alleged contributions of others such as Paul Gerber. Undisputed and well known facts. However, in the same book (Ch. Alternative terms used by Poincar. He derived this interpretation from Lorentz's 'theory of electrons' which incorporated Maxwell's radiation pressure. Poincar. So two events, which are simultaneous in one frame of reference, are not simultaneous in another frame. It is very similar to the one later proposed by Einstein. He was the first to argue that those principles (along with certain other basic assumptions about the homogeneity and isotropy of space, usually taken for granted by theorists) are sufficient to derive the theory. See Postulates of special relativity. This was followed by several attempts of Einstein to find valid field equations for this theory of gravity. David Hilbert invited Einstein to G. Einstein stayed at Hilbert's house during this visit. Hilbert started working on a combined theory of gravity and electromagnetism, and Einstein and Hilbert exchanged correspondence until November 1. Einstein gave four lectures on his theory on Nov 4, Nov 1. Nov 1. 8 and Nov 2. Berlin, published as . Talk not published. Nov 1. 6 or Nov 1. Hilbert sent Einstein some information about his talk of Nov 1. Nov 1. 8 Einstein replies to Hilbert's letter (received by Hilbert Nov 1. Einstein) could tell Hilbert's system was equivalent to the one he (Einstein) had found in the preceding weeks. Einstein also told Hilbert in this letter that he (Einstein) had . What was difficult instead was to recognize that these equations form a generalization, and that is, a simple and natural generalization of Newton's law. Hilbert, 1. 8 Nov, Einstein Archives Call No. Einstein also told Hilbert in that letter that he (Einstein) had calculated the correct perihelion advance for Mercury, using covariant field equations based on the assumption that the trace of the energy momentum tensor vanished as it did for electromagnetism. Nov 1. 8 Einstein presents the calculation of the perihelion advance to Prussian Academy. Nov 2. 0 Hilbert lectured to the G. The proofs of his paper show that Hilbert proposed a non- covariant set of equations as the fundamental equations of physics. Hilbert then derives these four extra equations and continues . The published paper (Einstein 1. December 2, and it did not mention Hilbert. Hilbert's paper took considerably longer to appear. He had galley proofs that were marked . Most of the galley proofs have been preserved, but about a quarter of a page is missing. In the final paper he said his differential equations seemed to agree with the . In a November 2. 5 letter to Zangger, Einstein accused Hilbert (without mentioning his name) of attempts to appropriate ('nostrify') his theory. On Dec 4, Hilbert nominated Einstein for election as a corresponding member of the G. In a December 2. 0 letter to Hilbert, Einstein proposed to settle the dispute. The 1. 91. 6 paper was rewritten and republished in 1. However it is known that he knew . The question is whether Einstein was familiar in 1. Annalen der Physik). To what degree Einstein was following other physicists' work at the time. Some authors claim that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with restricted access to the physics literature in 1. Others, however, disagree; a personal friend of Einstein, Maurice Solovine, later acknowledged that he and Einstein both pored for weeks over Poincar. Hilbert's article, bearing the date of submission 2. November 1. 91. 5 but published only on 3. March 1. 91. 6, presents a generally covariant theory of gravitation, including field equations essentially equivalent to those in Einstein's paper. Since the discovery of printer's proofs of Hilbert's paper of Nov 2. Dec 1. 91. 5, which show a number of differences from the finally published paper, this 'commonly accepted view' has been challenged. Points at issue. Whether Hilbert ever tried to claim priority for the field equations - it seems clear that he regarded the theory of general relativity as Einstein's theory. What Hilbert thought he was referring to when he used the term . Hilbert made a similar remark in a letter to Karl Schwarzschild. Whittaker claimed that relativity is the creation of Lorentz and Poincar. Miller, Abraham Pais, John Stachel, or Olivier Darrigol have other points of view. They admit that Lorentz and Poincar. But they argue that it was Einstein who completely eliminated the classical ether and demonstrated the relativity of space and time. They also argue that Poincar. Lorentz and Larmor had most of the Lorentz transformations, Poincar. Cohn and Bucherer rejected the ether. Larmor and Cohn alluded to the dilation of time. None of these authors, however, dared to reform the concepts of space and time. None of them imagined a new kinematics based on two postulates. None of them derived the Lorentz transformations on this basis. None of them fully understood the physical implications of these transformations. It all was Einstein's unique feat. Lorentz stated: I did not indicate the transformation which suits best. That was done by Poincar. Einstein and Minkowski. In one we use - such was my thought - coordinate axes which have a fixed position in the aether and which we can call . In Einstein's theory, on the contrary, t' plays the same part as t; if we want to describe phenomena in terms of x', y', z', t' we must work with these variables exactly as we could do with x, y, z, t. Regarding the fact, that in this book Lorentz only mentioned Einstein and not Poincar. I also have a sense that Lorentz found Einstein's physically very intuitive approach more appealing than Poincar. Lorentz then replied. So the theory of relativity is really solely Einstein's work. And there can be no doubt that he would have conceived it even if the work of all his predecessors in the theory of this field had not been done at all. His work is in this respect independent of the previous theories. Poincar. He only mentioned Einstein in connection with the photoelectric effect. For example, in 1. Poincar. We continue to believe that no body in motion will ever be able to exceed the speed of light; that the mass of a body is not a constant, but depends on its speed and the angle formed by this speed with the force which acts upon the body; that no experiment will ever be able to determine whether a body is at rest or in absolute motion either in relation to absolute space or even in relation to the ether. The well known historian of science, J. This activity started in 1. Going by his publications between 1. Einstein's specialty was thermodynamics. As we know, this is connected with the relativity of the concepts of . Lorentz's theory of the stationary luminiferous ether, and which, like the principle of relativity, contains a physical assumption that seemed to be justified only by the relevant experiments (experiments by Fizeau, Rowland, etc.). However, in the last years before his death Einstein acknowledged some of Poincar. Einstein wrote in 1. Lorentz had already recognized that the transformations named after him are essential for the analysis of Maxwell's equations, and Poincar. Concerning myself, I knew only Lorentz's important work of 1. In this sense my work of 1. A further new result was that the . Hilbert had carried out the last few mathematical steps to its discovery independently and almost simultaneously with Einstein, but Einstein was responsible for essentially everything that preceded those steps.. Hilbert's sentence has sometimes been mis- interpreted. This, however, is not at issue, since no one disputes that Hilbert had his own . Hilbert's theory was based on the work of Mie combined with Einstein's principle of general covariance, but applied to matter and electromagnetism as well as gravity. Mehra . No one disputes that Hilbert has . None of this bears on the precise origin of the trace term in the Einstein field equations (a feature of the equations that, while theoretically significant, does not have any effect on the vacuum equations, from which all the empirical tests proposed by Einstein were derived). Sauer says . Hilbert claimed priority for the introduction of the Riemann scalar into the action principle and the derivation of the field equations from it, . In this letter again 'in particular the use of the Riemannian curvature .
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